NCERT Solution for Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 12, “Linear Programming,” is an important study material designed to help students understand the fundamental concepts and principles of linear programming. Swastik Classes, a leading coaching institute, has developed comprehensive NCERT solutions that provide step-by-step explanations and solved examples to help students develop a deeper understanding of the subject. The chapter covers topics such as formulation of linear programming problems, graphical method, simplex method, and duality in linear programming. With the help of Swastik Classes’ NCERT solutions, students can improve their problem-solving skills and gain the confidence to tackle complex linear programming problems. These solutions are also useful for students who are preparing for competitive exams like JEE, NEET, and other entrance exams. Overall, Swastik Classes’ NCERT Solution for Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 12 is an essential resource for students who want to excel in mathematics and build a strong foundation in linear programming.
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Answers of Mathematics NCERT solutions for class 12 Chapter 12 Linear Programming
Exercise 12.1
Question 1:
Maximize Z = 3x + 4y
Subject to the constraints:
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), and B (0, 4). The values of Z at these points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 3x + 4y | |
| O(0, 0) | 0 | |
| A(4, 0) | 12 | |
| B(0, 4) | 16 | → Maximum |
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point B (0, 4).
*Question 2:
Minimize Z = −3x + 4y
subject to .
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), B (2, 3), and C (0, 4).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = −3x + 4y | |
| 0(0, 0) | 0 | |
| A(4, 0) | −12 | → Minimum |
| B(2, 3) | 6 | |
| C(0, 4) | 16 |
Therefore, the minimum value of Z is −12 at the point (4, 0).
Question 3:
Maximize Z = 5x + 3y
subject to
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, 3x + 5y ≤ 15,
5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, are as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (2, 0), B (0, 3), and
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 5x + 3y | |
| 0(0, 0) | 0 | |
| A(2, 0) | 10 | |
| B(0, 3) | 9 | |
 |  | → Maximum |
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is at the point
*Question 4:
Minimize Z = 3x + 5y
such that
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, and x, y ≥ 0, is as follows.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3, 0), , and C (0, 2).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 3x + 5y | |
| A(3, 0) | 9 | |
 | 7 | → Smallest |
| C(0, 2) | 10 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x + 5y < 7 Therefore, the minimum value of Z is 7 at
Question 5:
Maximize Z = 3x + 2y
subject to
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + y ≤ 15, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (5, 0), B (4, 3), and C (0, 5).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 3x + 2y | |
| A(5, 0) | 15 | |
| B(4, 3) | 18 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 5) | 10 |
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point (4, 3).
Question 6:
Minimize Z = x + 2y
subject to
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, 2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, x ≥ 0,
and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (6, 0) and B (0, 3).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = x + 2y |
| A(6, 0) | 6 |
| B(0, 3) | 6 |
It can be seen that the value of Z at points A and B is same. If we take any other point such as (2, 2) on line x + 2y = 6, then Z = 6
Thus, the minimum value of Z occurs for more than 2 points.
Therefore, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, x + 2y = 6
Question 7:
Minimize and Maximize Z = 5x + 10y
subject to
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x − 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (60, 0), B (120, 0), C (60, 30), and D (40, 20).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 5x + 10y | |
| A(60, 0) | 300 | → Minimum |
| B(120, 0) | 600 | → Maximum |
| C(60, 30) | 600 | → Maximum |
| D(40, 20) | 400 |
The minimum value of Z is 300 at (60, 0) and the maximum value of Z is 600 at all the points on the line segment joining (120, 0) and (60, 30).
Question 8:
Minimize and Maximize Z = x + 2y
subject to
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x − y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A(0, 50), B(20, 40), C(50, 100), and D(0, 200).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = x + 2y | |
| A(0, 50) | 100 | → Minimum |
| B(20, 40) | 100 | → Minimum |
| C(50, 100) | 250 | |
| D(0, 200) | 400 | → Maximum |
The maximum value of Z is 400 at (0, 200) and the minimum value of Z is 100 at all the points on the line segment joining the points (0, 50) and (20, 40).
Question 9:
Maximise Z = − x + 2y, subject to the constraints:
Answer:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and is as follows.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The values of Z at corner points A (6, 0), B (4, 1), and C (3, 2) are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = −x + 2y |
| A(6, 0) | Z = − 6 |
| B(4, 1) | Z = − 2 |
| C(3, 2) | Z = 1 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, Z = 1 may or may not be the maximum value.
For this, we graph the inequality, −x + 2y > 1, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible region.
Therefore, Z = 1 is not the maximum value. Z has no maximum value.
Question 10:
Maximize Z = x + y, subject to
Answer:
The region determined by the constraints, is as follows.
There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.
Exercise-12.2
Question 1:
Reshma wishes to mix two types of food P and Q in such a way that the vitamin contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of vitamin B. Food P costs Rs 60/kg and Food Q costs Rs 80/kg. Food P contains 3 units /kg of vitamin A and 5 units /kg of vitamin B while food Q contains 4 units /kg of vitamin A and 2 units /kg of vitamin B. Determine the minimum cost of the mixture?
Answer:
Let the mixture contain x kg of food P and y kg of food Q. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
| Vitamin A (units/kg) | Vitamin B (units/kg) | Cost (Rs/kg) | |
| Food P | 3 | 5 | 60 |
| Food Q | 4 | 2 | 80 |
| Requirement (units/kg) | 8 | 11 |
The mixture must contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of vitamin B. Therefore, the constraints are
3x + 4y ≥ 8
5x + 2y ≥ 11
Total cost, Z, of purchasing food is, Z = 60x + 80y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Minimize Z = 60x + 80y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
3x + 4y ≥ 8 … (2)
5x + 2y ≥ 11 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are and
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 60x + 80y | |
 | 160 |  |
 | 160 | |
 | 440 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 160 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we graph the inequality, 60x + 80y < 160 or 3x + 4y < 8, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x + 4y < 8
Therefore, the minimum cost of the mixture will be Rs 160 at the line segment joining the points and
*Question 2:
One kind of cake requires 200g flour and 25g of fat, and another kind of cake requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum number of cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of fat assuming that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in making the cakes?
Answer:
Let there be x cakes of first kind and y cakes of second kind. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
| Flour (g) | Fat (g) | |
| Cakes of first kind, x | 200 | 25 |
| Cakes of second kind, y | 100 | 50 |
| Availability | 5000 | 1000 |
Total numbers of cakes, Z, that can be made are, Z = x + y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximize Z = x + y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (25, 0), B (20, 10), O (0, 0), and C (0, 20).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = x + y | |
| A(25, 0) | 25 | |
| B(20, 10) | 30 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 20) | 20 | |
| O(0, 0) | 0 |
Thus, the maximum numbers of cakes that can be made are 30 (20 of one kind and 10 of the other kind).
Question 3:
A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A tennis racket takes 1.5 hours of machine time and 3 hours of craftsman’s time in its making while a cricket bat takes 3 hour of machine time and 1 hour of craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory has the availability of not more than 42 hours of machine time and 24 hours of craftsman’s time.
(i) What number of rackets and bats must be made if the factory is to work at full capacity?
(ii) If the profit on a racket and on a bat is Rs 20 and Rs 10 respectively, find the maximum profit of the factory when it works at full capacity.
Answer:
(i) Let the number of rackets and the number of bats to be made be x and y respectively.
The machine time is not available for more than 42 hours.
The craftsman’s time is not available for more than 24 hours.
The factory is to work at full capacity. Therefore,
1.5x + 3y = 42
3x + y = 24
On solving these equations, we obtain
x = 4 and y = 12
Thus, 4 rackets and 12 bats must be made.
(i) The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
| Tennis Racket | Cricket Bat | Availability | |
| Machine Time (h) | 1.5 | 3 | 42 |
| Craftsman’s Time (h) | 3 | 1 | 24 |
∴ 1.5x + 3y ≤ 42
3x + y ≤ 24
x, y ≥ 0
The profit on a racket is Rs 20 and on a bat is Rs 10.
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximize … (1)
subject to the constraints,
1.5x + 3y ≤ 42 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 24 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (8, 0), B (4, 12), C (0, 14), and O (0, 0).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 20x + 10y | |
| A(8, 0) | 160 | |
| B(4, 12) | 200 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 14) | 140 | |
| O(0, 0) | 0 |
Thus, the maximum profit of the factory when it works to its full capacity is Rs 200.
Question 4:
A manufacturer produces nuts ad bolts. It takes 1 hour of work on machine A and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It takes 3 hours on machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a package of bolts. He earns a profit, of Rs 17.50 per package on nuts and Rs. 7.00 per package on bolts. How many packages of each should be produced each day so as to maximize his profit, if he operates his machines for at the most 12 hours a day?
Answer:
Let the manufacturer produce x packages of nuts and y packages of bolts. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
| Nuts | Bolts | Availability | |
| Machine A (h) | 1 | 3 | 12 |
| Machine B (h) | 3 | 1 | 12 |
The profit on a package of nuts is Rs 17.50 and on a package of bolts is Rs 7. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 17.5x + 7y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximise Z = 17.5x + 7y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
x + 3y ≤ 12 … (2)
3x + y ≤ 12 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (4, 0), B (3, 3), and C (0, 4).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 17.5x + 7y | |
| O(0, 0) | 0 | |
| A(4, 0) | 70 | |
| B(3, 3) | 73.5 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 4) | 28 |
The maximum value of Z is Rs 73.50 at (3, 3).
Thus, 3 packages of nuts and 3 packages of bolts should be produced each day to get the maximum profit of Rs 73.50.
*Question 5:
A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B. Each type of screw requires the use of two machines, an automatic and a hand operated. It takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws A, while it takes 6 minutes on automatic and 3 minutes on the hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws B. Each machine is available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer can sell a package of screws A at a profit of Rs 7 and screws B at a profit of Rs10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he manufactures, how many packages of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to maximize his profit? Determine the maximum profit.
Answer:
Let the factory manufacture x screws of type A and y screws of type B on each day. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
| Screw A | Screw B | Availability | |
| Automatic Machine (min) | 4 | 6 | 4 × 60 =240 |
| Hand Operated Machine (min) | 6 | 3 | 4 × 60 =240 |
The profit on a package of screws A is Rs 7 and on the package of screws B is Rs 10. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 7x + 10y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximize Z = 7x + 10y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is
The corner points are A (40, 0), B (30, 20), and C (0, 40).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 7x + 10y | |
| A(40, 0) | 280 | |
| B(30, 20) | 410 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 40) | 400 |
The maximum value of Z is 410 at (30, 20).
Thus, the factory should produce 30 packages of screws A and 20 packages of screws B to get the maximum profit of Rs 410.
Question 6:
A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades, each requiring the use of a grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2 hours on grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a pedestal lamp. It takes 1 hour on the grinding/cutting machine and 2 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any day, the sprayer is available for at the most 20 hours and the grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 hours. The profit from the sale of a lamp is Rs 5 and that from a shade is Rs 3. Assuming that the manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that he produces, how should he schedule his daily production in order to maximize his profit?
Answer:
Let the cottage industry manufacture x pedestal lamps and y wooden shades. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
| Lamps | Shades | Availability | |
| Grinding/Cutting Machine (h) | 2 | 1 | 12 |
| Sprayer (h) | 3 | 2 | 20 |
The profit on a lamp is Rs 5 and on the shades is Rs 3. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 5x + 3y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximize Z = 5x + 3y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (6, 0), B (4, 4), and C (0, 10).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows
| Corner point | Z = 5x + 3y | |
| A(6, 0) | 30 | |
| B(4, 4) | 32 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 10) | 30 |
The maximum value of Z is 32 at (4, 4).
Thus, the manufacturer should produce 4 pedestal lamps and 4 wooden shades to maximize his profits.
Question 7:
A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of plywood. Souvenirs of type A require 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8 minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes each for assembling. There are 3 hours 20 minutes available for cutting and 4 hours of assembling. The profit is Rs 5 each for type A and Rs 6 each for type B souvenirs. How many souvenirs of each type should the company manufacture in order to maximize the profit?
Answer:
Let the company manufacture x souvenirs of type A and y souvenirs of type B. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
| Type A | Type B | Availability | |
| Cutting (min) | 5 | 8 | 3 × 60 + 20 =200 |
| Assembling (min) | 10 | 8 | 4 × 60 = 240 |
The profit on type A souvenirs is Rs 5 and on type B souvenirs is Rs 6. Therefore, the constraints are
Total profit, Z = 5x + 6y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Maximize Z = 5x + 6y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (24, 0), B (8, 20), and C (0, 25).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 5x + 6y | |
| A(24, 0) | 120 | |
| B(8, 20) | 160 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 25) | 150 |
The maximum value of Z is 200 at (8, 20).
Thus, 8 souvenirs of type A and 20 souvenirs of type B should be produced each day to get the maximum profit of Rs 160.
Question 8:
A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers − a desktop model and a portable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He estimates that the total monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units of each type of computers which the merchant should stock to get maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on portable model is Rs 5000.
Answer:
Let the merchant stock x desktop models and y portable models. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The cost of a desktop model is Rs 25000 and of a portable model is Rs 4000. However, the merchant can invest a maximum of Rs 70 lakhs.
The monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units.
The profit on a desktop model is Rs 4500 and the profit on a portable model is Rs 5000.
Total profit, Z = 4500x + 5000y
Thus, the mathematical formulation of the given problem is
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (250, 0), B (200, 50), and C (0, 175).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 4500x + 5000y | |
| A(250, 0) | 1125000 | |
| B(200, 50) | 1150000 | → Maximum |
| C(0, 175) | 875000 |
The maximum value of Z is 1150000 at (200, 50).
Thus, the merchant should stock 200 desktop models and 50 portable models to get the maximum profit of Rs 1150000.
*Question 9:
A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of minerals. Two foods F1and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit food and F2 costs Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3 units of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. One unit of food F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of minerals. Formulate this as a linear programming problem. Find the minimum cost for diet that consists of mixture of these two foods and also meets the minimal nutritional requirements?
Answer:
Let the diet contain x units of food F1 and y units of food F2. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
| Vitamin A (units) | Mineral (units) | Cost per unit(Rs) | |
| Food F1 (x) | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Food F2 (y) | 6 | 3 | 6 |
| Requirement | 80 | 100 |
The cost of food F1 is Rs 4 per unit and of Food F2 is Rs 6 per unit. Therefore, the constraints are
3x + 6y ≥ 80
4x + 3y ≥ 100
x, y ≥ 0
Total cost of the diet, Z = 4x + 6y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Minimize Z = 4x + 6y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
3x + 6y ≥ 80 … (2)
4x + 3y ≥ 100 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are and The corner points are and .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 4x + 6y | |
 |  | |
 | 104 | → Minimum |
 | 200 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 104 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 4x + 6y < 104 or 2x + 3y < 52, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 2x + 3y < 52
Therefore, the minimum cost of the mixture will be Rs 104.
Question 10:
There are two types of fertilizers F1 and F2. F1 consists of 10% nitrogen and 6% phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric acid. After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that she needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for her crop. If F1 cost Rs 6/kg and F2 costs Rs 5/kg, determine how much of each type of fertilizer should be used so that nutrient requirements are met at a minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?
Answer:
Let the farmer buy x kg of fertilizer F1 and y kg of fertilizer F2. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The given information can be complied in a table as follows.
| Nitrogen (%) | Phosphoric Acid (%) | Cost (Rs/kg) | |
| F1 (x) | 10 | 6 | 6 |
| F2 (y) | 5 | 10 | 5 |
| Requirement (kg) | 14 | 14 |
F1 consists of 10% nitrogen and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen. However, the farmer requires at least 14 kg of nitrogen.
∴ 10% of x + 5% of y ≥ 14
F1 consists of 6% phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 10% phosphoric acid. However, the farmer requires at least 14 kg of phosphoric acid.
∴ 6% of x + 10% of y ≥ 14
Total cost of fertilizers, Z = 6x + 5y
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is
Minimize Z = 6x + 5y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
2x + y ≥ 280 … (2)
3x + 5y ≥ 700 … (3)
x, y ≥ 0 … (4)
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points are and .
The values of Z at these points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 6x + 5y | |
 | 1400 | |
| B(100, 80) | 1000 | → Minimum |
C(0, 280) | 1400 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 1000 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 6x + 5y < 1000, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with
6x + 5y < 1000
Therefore, 100 kg of fertiliser F1 and 80 kg of fertilizer F2 should be used to minimize the cost. The minimum cost is Rs 1000.
Question 11:
The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following system of linear inequalities:
Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z occurs at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is
(A) p = q (B) p = 2q (C) p = 3q (D) q = 3p
Answer:
The maximum value of Z is unique.
It is given that the maximum value of Z occurs at two points, (3, 4) and (0, 5).
∴ Value of Z at (3, 4) = Value of Z at (0, 5)
⇒ p(3) + q(4) = p(0) + q(5)
⇒ 3p + 4q = 5q
⇒ q = 3p
Hence, the correct answer is D.
Miscellaneous Exercises
Question 1:
Refer to Example 9. How many packets of each food should be used to maximize the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What is the maximum amount of vitamin A in the diet?
Answer:
Let the diet contain x and y packets of foods P and Q respectively. Therefore,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is as follows.
Maximize z = 6x + 3y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (15, 20), B (40, 15), and C (2, 72).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 6x + 3y | |
| A(15, 20) | 150 | |
| B(40, 15) | 285 | → Maximum |
| C(2, 72) | 228 |
Thus, the maximum value of z is 285 at (40, 15).
Therefore, to maximize the amount of vitamin A in the diet, 40 packets of food P and 15 packets of food Q should be used. The maximum amount of vitamin A in the diet is 285 units.
Question 2:
A farmer mixes two brands P and Q of cattle feed. Brand P, costing Rs 250 per bag contains 3 units of nutritional element A, 2.5 units of element B and 2 units of element C. Brand Q costing Rs 200 per bag contains 1.5 units of nutritional elements A, 11.25 units of element B, and 3 units of element C. The minimum requirements of nutrients A, B and C are 18 units, 45 units and 24 units respectively. Determine the number of bags of each brand which should be mixed in order to produce a mixture having a minimum cost per bag? What is the minimum cost of the mixture per bag?
Answer:
Let the farmer mix x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
The given information can be compiled in a table as follows.
| Vitamin A (units/bag) | Vitamin B (units/bag) | Vitamin C (units/bag) | Cost (Rs/bag) | |
| Food P | 3 | 2.5 | 2 | 250 |
| Food Q | 1.5 | 11.25 | 3 | 200 |
| Requirement (units/bag) | 18 | 45 | 24 |
The given problem can be formulated as follows.
Minimize z = 250x + 200y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (18, 0), B (9, 2), C (3, 6), and D (0, 12).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 250x + 200y | |
| A (18, 0) | 4500 | |
| B (9, 2) | 2650 | |
| C (3, 6) | 1950 | → Minimum |
| D (0, 12) | 2400 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 1950 may or may not be the minimum value of z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 250x + 200y < 1950 or 5x + 4y < 39, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 5x + 4y < 39
Therefore, the minimum value of z is 1950 at (3, 6).
Thus, 3 bags of brand P and 6 bags of brand Q should be used in the mixture to minimize the cost to Rs 1950.
Question 3:
A dietician wishes to mix together two kinds of food X and Y in such a way that the mixture contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units of vitamin B and 8 units of vitamin C. The vitamin content of one kg food is given below:
| Food | Vitamin A | Vitamin B | Vitamin C |
| X | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Y | 2 | 2 | 1 |
One kg of food X costs Rs 16 and one kg of food Y costs Rs 20. Find the least cost of the mixture which will produce the required diet?
Answer:
Let the mixture contain x kg of food X and y kg of food Y.
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is as follows.
Minimize z = 16x + 20y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (10, 0), B (2, 4), C (1, 5), and D (0, 8).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 16x + 20y | |
| A (10, 0) | 160 | |
| B (2, 4) | 112 | → Minimum |
| C (1, 5) | 116 | |
| D (0, 8) | 160 |
As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 112 may or may not be the minimum value of z.
For this, we draw a graph of the inequality, 16x + 20y < 112 or 4x + 5y < 28, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 4x + 5y < 28
Therefore, the minimum value of z is 112 at (2, 4).
Thus, the mixture should contain 2 kg of food X and 4 kg of food Y. The minimum cost of the mixture is Rs 112.
Question 4:
A manufacturer makes two types of toys A and B. Three machines are needed for this purpose and the time (in minutes) required for each toy on the machines is given below:
| Type of toys | Machines | ||
| I | II | III | |
| A | 12 | 18 | 6 |
| B | 6 | 0 | 9 |
Each machine is available for a maximum of 6 hours per day. If the profit on each toy of type A is Rs 7.50 and that on each toy of type B is Rs 5, show that 15 toys of type A and 30 of type B should be manufactured in a day to get maximum profit.
Answer:
Let x and y toys of type A and type B respectively be manufactured in a day.
Max time
The given problem can be formulated as follows.
Cases as given in table:-
Maximize z = 7.5x + 5y … (1)
….(2)
….(3)
….(4)
….(5)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 0), B (20, 20), C (15, 30), and D (0, 40).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | Z = 7.5x + 5y | |
| A(20, 0) | 150 | |
| B(20, 20) | 250 | |
| C(15, 30) | 262.5 | → Maximum |
| O(0, 40) | 200 |
The maximum value of z is 262.5 at (15, 30).
Thus, the manufacturer should manufacture 15 toys of type A and 30 toys of type B to maximize the profit.
*Question 5:
An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs 1000 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 600 is made on each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats for executive class. However, at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order to maximize the profit for the airline. What is the maximum profit?
Answer:
Let the airline sell x tickets of executive class and y tickets of economy class.
The mathematical formulation of the given problem is as follows.
Maximize z = 1000x + 600y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
(Total Passenger)
(Reserved)
(Preference)
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (20, 80), B (40, 160), and
C (20, 180).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 1000x + 600y | |
| A (20, 80) | 68000 | |
| B (40, 160) | 136000 | → Maximum |
| C (20, 180) | 128000 |
The maximum value of z is 136000 at (40, 160).
Thus, 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of economy class should be sold to maximize the profit and the maximum profit is Rs 136000.
Question 6:
Two godowns A and B have grain capacity of 100 quintals and 50 quintals respectively. They supply to 3 ration shops, D, E and F whose requirements are 60, 50 and 40 quintals respectively. The cost of transportation per quintal from the godowns to the shops are given in the following table:
| Transportation cost per quintal (in Rs) | ||
| From/To | A | B |
| DEF | 632.50 | 423 |
How should the supplies be transported in order that the transportation cost is minimum? What is the minimum cost?
Answer:
Let godown A supply x and y quintals of grain to the shops D and E respectively. Then, (100 − x − y) will be supplied to shop F.
The requirement at shop D is 60 quintals since x quintals are transported from godown A. Therefore, the remaining (60 −x) quintals will be transported from godown B.
Similarly, (50 − y) quintals and 40 − (100 − x − y) = (x + y − 60) quintals will be transported from godown B to shop E and F respectively.
The given problem can be represented diagrammatically as follows.
Total transportation cost z is given by,
The given problem can be formulated as
Minimize z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410 … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (60, 0), B (60, 40), C (50, 50), and D (10, 50).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 2.5x + 1.5y + 410 | |
| A (60, 0) | 560 | |
| B (60, 40) | 620 | |
| C (50, 50) | 610 | |
| D (10, 50) | 510 | → Minimum |
The minimum value of z is 510 at (10, 50).
Thus, the amount of grain transported from A to D, E, and F is 10 quintals, 50 quintals, and 40 quintals respectively and from B to D, E, and F is 50 quintals, 0 quintals, and 0 quintals respectively.
The minimum cost is Rs 510.
Question 7:
An oil company has two depots A and B with capacities of 7000 L and 4000 L respectively. The company is to supply oil to three petrol pumps, D, E and F whose requirements are 4500L, 3000L and 3500L respectively. The distance (in km) between the depots and the petrol pumps is given in the following table:
| Distance in (km) | ||
| From/To | A | B |
| DEF | 763 | 342 |
Assuming that the transportation cost of 10 litres of oil is Re 1 per km, how should the delivery be scheduled in order that the transportation cost is minimum? What is the minimum cost?
Answer:
Let x and y litres of oil be supplied from A to the petrol pumps, D and E. Then, (7000 − x − y) will be supplied from A to petrol pump F.
The requirement at petrol pump D is 4500 L. Since x L are transported from depot A, the remaining (4500 −x) L will be transported from petrol pump B.
Similarly, (3000 − y) L and 3500 − (7000 − x − y) = (x + y − 3500) L will be transported from depot B to petrol pump E and F respectively.
The given problem can be represented diagrammatically as follows.
Cost of transporting 10 L of petrol = Re 1
Cost of transporting 1 L of petrol =
Therefore, total transportation cost is given by,
The problem can be formulated as follows.
Minimize z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950 … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the constraints is as follows.
The corner points of the feasible region are A (3500, 0), B (4500, 0), C (4500, 2500), D (4000, 3000), and E (500, 3000).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 0.3x + 0.1y + 3950 | |
| A (3500, 0) | 5000 | |
| B (4500, 0) | 5300 | |
| C (4500, 2500) | 5550 | |
| D (4000, 3000) | 5450 | |
| E (500, 3000) | 4400 | → Minimum |
The minimum value of z is 4400 at (500, 3000).
Thus, the oil supplied from depot A is 500 L, 3000 L, and 3500 L and from depot B is 4000 L, 0 L, and 0 L to petrol pumps D, E, and F respectively.
The minimum transportation cost is Rs 4400.
*Question 8:
A fruit grower can use two types of fertilizer in his garden, brand P and brand Q. The amounts (in kg) of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and chlorine in a bag of each brand are given in the table. Tests indicate that the garden needs at least 240 kg of phosphoric acid at least 270 kg of potash and at most 310 kg of chlorine.
If the grower wants to minimize the amount of nitrogen added to the garden, how many bags of each brand should be used? What is the minimum amount of nitrogen added in the garden?
| kg per bag | ||
| Brand P | Brand Q | |
| NitrogenPhosphoric acidPotashChlorine | 3131.5 | 3.521.52 |
Answer:
Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
The problem can be formulated as follows.
Minimize z = 3x + 3.5y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (240, 0), B (140, 50), and C (20, 140).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 3x + 3.5y | |
| A (140, 50) | 595 | |
| B (20, 140) | 550 | |
| C (40, 100) | 470 | → Minimum |
The maximum value of z is 470 at (40, 100).
Thus, 40 bags of brand P and 100 bags of brand Q should be added to the garden to minimize the amount of nitrogen.
The minimum amount of nitrogen added to the garden is 470 kg.
Question 9:
Refer to question 8. If the grower wants to maximize the amount of nitrogen added to the garden, how many bags of each brand should be added? What is the maximum amount of nitrogen added?
Answer:
Let the fruit grower use x bags of brand P and y bags of brand Q.
The problem can be formulated as follows.
Maximize z = 3x + 3.5y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (140, 50), B (20, 140), and C (40, 100).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 3x + 3.5y | |
| A (140, 50) | 595 | → Maximum |
| B (20, 140) | 550 | |
| C (40, 100) | 470 |
The maximum value of z is 595 at (140, 50).
Thus, 140 bags of brand P and 50 bags of brand Q should be used to maximize the amount of nitrogen.
The maximum amount of nitrogen added to the garden is 595 kg.
Question 10:
A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, A and B. Market tests and available resources have indicated that the combined production level should not exceed 1200 dolls per week and the demand for dolls of type B is at most half of that for dolls of type A. Further, the production level of dolls of type A can exceed three times the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units. If the company makes profit of Rs 12 and Rs 16 per doll respectively on dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced weekly in order to maximize the profit?
Answer:
Let x and y be the number of dolls of type A and B respectively that are produced per week.
The given problem can be formulated as follows.
Maximize z = 12x + 16y … (1)
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints is as follows.
The corner points are A (600, 0), B (1050, 150), and C (800, 400).
The values of z at these corner points are as follows.
| Corner point | z = 12x + 16y | |
| A (600, 0) | 7200 | |
| B (1050, 150) | 15000 | |
| C (800, 400) | 16000 | → Maximum |
The maximum value of z is 16000 at (800, 400).
Thus, 800 and 400 dolls of type A and type B should be produced respectively to get the maximum profit of Rs 16000.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Math Chapter 12 – Linear Programming
These NCERT answers are an important part of your preparation for all CBSE examinations, including the JEE.
Multiple exercises are covered in Chapter 12 – Linear Programming. Linear programming may be defined as a strategy for achieving the optimal result in a mathematical model with needs represented by linear connections. Linear Programming is discussed in depth in this chapter. Solving all of the questions from this chapter of the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths on a regular basis will help students learn how to solve the problems and will also help them ace their test.
Topics to study in Math Class 12 Chapter 12 – Linear Programming
| Section no. | Topics |
| 12.1 | Introduction to Linear Programming |
| 12.2 | Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation |
| 12.3 | Different Types of Linear Programming Problems |
Weightage of Linear Programming in CBSE Exams
| Chapters | Marks |
| Linear Programming | 6 Marks |
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Conclusion Swastik Classes’ NCERT Solution for Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 12, “Linear Programming,” is a comprehensive study material designed to help students understand the principles and concepts of linear programming. The solutions provide step-by-step explanations and solved examples that help students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject. The chapter covers a range of topics including formulation of linear programming problems, graphical method, simplex method, and duality in linear programming. With the help of these solutions, students can improve their problem-solving skills and gain the confidence to tackle complex linear programming problems. Swastik Classes’ NCERT solutions are designed in accordance with the latest CBSE syllabus, making them useful for students preparing for board exams or competitive exams like JEE and NEET. Overall, Swastik Classes’ NCERT Solution for Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 12 is an excellent resource for students who want to excel in mathematics and build a solid foundation in linear programming.
Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 12
Is linear programming easy class 12?
Linear programming is a technique for solving problems that are constrained in some way. It is the process of maximum or minimising linear functions under restrictions of linear inequality. The challenge of solving linear programming is thought to be the most straightforward.
Is linear programming in the JEE Mains syllabus?
No, linear programming is not included in the JEE syllabus since it requires the creation of a graph and the use of that graph to solve a problem, but since the JEE is not a subjective test, it is not included.
How is linear programming used in real life?
Linear programming is widely used in microeconomics and business management, for example, in planning, manufacturing, transportation, technology, and other areas, to optimise profits or reduce expenses. The challenge in the actual world is determining the greatest profit for a given output.
When was linear programming invented?
During the years 1946–1947, George B. Dantzig independently created a comprehensive linear programming formulation for use in US Air Force planning issues.
Where is linear programming used?
Linear programming may be used in a variety of industries. It is commonly used in mathematics, as well as in business, economics, and some engineering applications to a lesser extent. Transportation, energy, telecommunications, and manufacturing are among the industries that employ linear programming techniques.
What are the features of linear programming?
The objective function, restrictions, non-negativity, linearity, and finiteness are all features of linear programming.
